An aircraft landing or on final approach has right of way over which of the following?

The aircraft landing or on final approach has the right of way over others in flight or on the surface because this rule is grounded in safety and operational protocols. The rationale is that a landing aircraft is typically in a critical phase of flight with limited options for deviation or immediate maneuvers. It is essential for other aircraft to yield to arriving aircraft to prevent collisions and ensure a smooth and safe landing sequence.

When an aircraft is on final approach, it is committed to landing and must execute that landing trajectory. Other aircraft, whether airborne or on the ground, must be aware of this and adjust their paths accordingly to allow for the safe arrival of the landing aircraft. This includes maintaining sufficient distance from the landing path and delaying take-offs or movements on the ground until the aircraft has safely completed its landing.

Aircraft in cruise flight and those taking off or taxiing are operating in a manner that does not take precedence over an aircraft executing a landing maneuver, emphasizing the priority given to the landing aircraft in situations of potential conflict. This rule helps maintain order in air traffic and reinforces the importance of situational awareness for all pilots.